Understanding the Impact of IoT on MVNO Billing

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a rapidly growing market that has the potential to transform the way we live and work. IoT devices are becoming more prevalent in our homes, businesses, and cities, and are generating vast amounts of data. This data needs to be collected, processed, and analyzed, which presents a significant challenge for Mobile Virtual Network Operators (MVNOs) who need to bill for IoT services. In this blog post, we will explore the impact of IoT on MVNO billing and how MVNOs can meet the challenges of billing for IoT services.

What is IoT?

IoT refers to the network of physical devices, vehicles, home appliances, and other items that are embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity, allowing them to connect and exchange data. IoT devices can range from simple sensors that detect temperature or humidity to complex systems that manage entire factories or cities.

IoT devices generate vast amounts of data, which can be used to improve efficiency, optimize processes, and create new business models. However, this data needs to be collected, processed, and analyzed, which presents a significant challenge for MVNOs who need to bill for IoT services.

Impact of IoT on MVNO Billing

IoT presents several challenges for MVNO billing. Here are some of the ways that IoT is impacting MVNO billing:

   Data Volume

One of the biggest challenges of billing for IoT services is the volume of data generated by IoT devices. IoT devices can generate vast amounts of data, which needs to be collected, processed, and analyzed. This presents a significant challenge for MVNOs who need to bill for IoT services.

MVNOs need to have the infrastructure in place to collect, store, and process large volumes of data. They also need to have the technology to analyze this data and bill for the services provided.

Data Variety

Another challenge of billing for IoT services is the variety of data generated by IoT devices. IoT devices can generate data in a wide range of formats, including text, images, video, and audio. This data needs to be processed and analyzed in different ways, which can be complex and time-consuming.

MVNOs need to have the technology in place to process and analyze different types of data. This can include machine learning algorithms and artificial intelligence tools that can help to automate the analysis and billing processes.

Data Velocity

The speed at which data is generated by IoT devices is another challenge for MVNO billing. IoT devices can generate data in real-time or near real-time, which requires MVNOs to have the infrastructure in place to collect and process data quickly.

MVNOs need to have the technology in place to handle real-time data processing and billing. This can include edge computing technologies that can perform data processing at the edge of the network, closer to the IoT devices.

   Service Level Agreements (SLAs)

SLAs are agreements between MVNOs and their customers that define the level of service that will be provided. SLAs can include metrics such as uptime, latency, and data accuracy. SLAs are critical for ensuring that customers receive the level of service they expect and for providing the basis for billing.

IoT devices can present additional challenges for SLAs. For example, some IoT devices may require a high level of reliability and uptime, while others may be more flexible. MVNOs need to have the technology and processes in place to manage SLAs for IoT services.

Billing Models

Billing models for IoT services can be complex and may require customized billing solutions. For example, some IoT devices may require a pay-as-you-go model, while others may require a subscription model. MVNOs need to have the flexibility to offer different billing models for different IoT services.

MVNOs also need to have the technology in place to handle complex billing arrangements. This can include the ability to bill for different types of data, such as text, images, and video, and the ability to bill for different data rates.

Meeting the Challenges of IoT Billing

Meeting the challenges of billing for IoT services requires MVNOs to have the right technology in place. Here are some of the technologies that MVNOs can use to meet the challenges of IoT billing:

Big Data Analytics

Big data analytics can help MVNOs to collect, process, and analyze large volumes of data generated by IoT devices. Big data analytics can help MVNOs to identify patterns and trends in the data, which can be used to optimize processes and create new business models.

Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI) can be used to automate the analysis and billing processes for IoT services. AI tools can help MVNOs to identify anomalies in the data and predict future trends.

Edge Computing

Edge computing can be used to perform data processing at the edge of the network, closer to the IoT devices. This can help to reduce latency and improve the speed of data processing.

       Blockchain

Blockchain can be used to securely store and manage data generated by IoT devices. Blockchain can help to ensure the integrity and security ofthe data, which is critical for billing IoT services.

       Customized Billing Solutions

MVNOs may need to develop customized billing solutions for different IoT services. This can include pay-as-you-go models, subscription models, and tiered pricing models. MVNOs need to have the technology in place to handle complex billing arrangements.

Conclusion

In conclusion, IoT is transforming the way we live and work, and is presenting significant challenges for MVNO billing. MVNOs need to have the infrastructure, technology, and processes in place to handle the volume, variety, and velocity of data generated by IoT devices. They also need to have the flexibility to offer different billing models for different IoT services. By leveraging technologies such as big data analytics, AI, edge computing, and blockchain, MVNOs can meet the challenges of billing for IoT services and provide their customers with the level of service they expect.

Enhancing Customer Experience through Personalized MVNO Billing Solutions

In the highly competitive telecommunications industry, providing an exceptional customer experience is crucial for the success of Mobile Virtual Network Operators (MVNOs). One area where MVNOs can significantly impact customer satisfaction is through personalized billing solutions. By offering tailored billing experiences that align with individual customer preferences and needs, MVNOs can enhance customer engagement, improve loyalty, and drive business growth. This article explores the importance of personalized billing solutions for MVNOs and provides insights into how to effectively implement them to enhance the overall customer experience.

1. The Significance of Personalized Billing Solutions for MVNOs:

Billing is a fundamental aspect of the customer journey and has a direct impact on customer satisfaction and loyalty. Personalized billing solutions address the unique needs and preferences of individual customers, creating a positive and tailored experience. Here are the key reasons why personalized billing solutions are essential for MVNOs:

a. Improved Customer Engagement:  Personalized billing solutions allow MVNOs to engage customers on a deeper level. By providing customized billing options and presenting relevant usage information, MVNOs can encourage customers to actively participate in managing their accounts. This increased engagement strengthens the bond between the MVNO and its customers.

b. Enhanced Transparency and Control: Personalized billing solutions empower customers by providing clear and transparent billing information. Customers can easily understand their charges, usage patterns, and available services, resulting in greater control over their telecommunications expenses. This transparency builds trust and fosters long-term customer relationships.

c. Customized Pricing Plans: Personalized billing solutions enable MVNOs to offer flexible and customized pricing plans. By analyzing customer usage patterns, preferences, and requirements, MVNOs can create pricing structures that match individual needs. This customization ensures that customers only pay for the services they use, leading to cost optimization and increased customer satisfaction.

d. Streamlined Payment Processes: Personalized billing solutions streamline the payment processes for customers. By offering multiple payment options, such as online payment portals, automatic bill payments, and mobile payment integration, MVNOs can make it convenient for customers to settle their bills. This reduces friction in the payment process and enhances the overall customer experience.

e. Upselling and Cross-selling Opportunities: Personalized billing solutions provide MVNOs with opportunities for upselling and cross-selling. By analyzing customer usage data, MVNOs can identify additional services or features that align with customer preferences. Tailored offers and recommendations can be presented during the billing process, increasing the likelihood of customers availing themselves of new services and generating additional revenue.

1. Implementing Personalized Billing Solutions:

To effectively implement personalized billing solutions, MVNOs should consider the following strategies:

a. Data-driven Customer Segmentation: MVNOs should leverage customer data to segment their customer base effectively. By analyzing usage patterns, demographics, and preferences, MVNOs can categorize customers into segments with distinct needs and behaviors. This segmentation forms the foundation for developing personalized billing solutions tailored to each segment.

b. Customizable Billing Plans: MVNOs should offer customizable billing plans that cater to the specific requirements of each customer segment. These plans may include options for pay-as-you-go, unlimited usage, family plans, or data-only plans. By giving customers the ability to select the services and features that best suit their needs, MVNOs enhance the customer experience and promote customer satisfaction.

c. Usage-based Billing and Real-time Monitoring: Implementing usage-based billing enables MVNOs to offer personalized billing experiences. By providing real-time usage monitoring, customers can track their usage and associated costs, ensuring they stay within their budget. Usage alerts and notifications can be sent to customers when they approach their usage limits, helping them manage their consumption effectively.

d. Self-service Account Management: MVNOs should invest in self-service account management portals or mobile applications that allow customers to have full control over their accounts. These platforms enable customers to view and modify their billing preferences, select service add-ons or upgrades, and access billing information at their convenience. Self-service options empower customers and reduce reliance on customer support for routine billing inquiries.

e. Personalized Billing Communication: MVNOs should personalize billing communications to ensure relevancy and clarity. Billing statements, invoices, and notifications should be customized to reflect each customer's preferred communication channels, language, and format. Providing easily understandable billing information, accompanied by detailed explanations of charges, helps customers make informed decisions and minimizes confusion.

f. Proactive Customer Support: Personalized billing solutions should be supported by proactive customer support. MVNOs should establish dedicated support channels to address billing inquiries, disputes, and payment issues promptly. Offering multiple support options, such as phone, email, chat, and social media, ensures customers can easily reach out for assistance when needed.

g. Continuous Improvement and Feedback: MVNOs should actively seek customer feedback to identify areas for improvement in their personalized billing solutions. Surveys, feedback forms, and customer reviews can provide valuable insights into customer preferences and satisfaction levels. Regularly evaluating customer feedback and incorporating suggested enhancements helps MVNOs refine their billing strategies and deliver an exceptional customer experience.

1. Leveraging Technology for Personalized Billing Solutions:

To effectively implement personalized billing solutions, MVNOs should leverage technology tools and platforms:

a. Billing and Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Systems: MVNOs should invest in robust billing and CRM systems that enable the collection and analysis of customer data. These systems should support flexible pricing structures, usage tracking, customer segmentation, and billing automation. Integration between billing and CRM systems ensures seamless data flow and enables personalized customer interactions.

b. Data Analytics and Machine Learning: Data analytics and machine learning technologies can help MVNOs extract valuable insights from customer data. By analyzing usage patterns, customer behaviors, and preferences, MVNOs can identify opportunities for personalization and targeted marketing. These technologies can also enable dynamic pricing, where billing rates are adjusted in real-time based on usage patterns and demand.

c. Mobile Apps and Self-service Portals: Developing user-friendly mobile apps and self-service portals allows customers to access their billing information and manage their accounts easily. These platforms can provide personalized recommendations, usage analytics, and billing details in real-time, creating a seamless and convenient billing experience for customers.

d. Payment Integration Solutions: Integration with various payment gateways and mobile payment platforms enables MVNOs to offer flexible and secure payment options. Customers should be able to choose from multiple payment methods, including credit/debit cards, mobile wallets, and automated bank transfers. Seamless payment integration reduces friction in the billing process and enhances customer satisfaction.

e. Customer Feedback and Surveys: Implementing customer feedback mechanisms through surveys and feedback forms enables MVNOs to gather insights into customer preferences, satisfaction levels, and pain points. Feedback can be collected through online surveys, in-app feedback mechanisms, or customer satisfaction ratings. Analyzing customer feedback helps MVNOs make data-driven decisions and continually improve their personalized billing solutions.

Conclusion:

Personalized billing solutions play a vital role in enhancing the customer experience for MVNOs. By providing tailored billing experiences, MVNOs can increase customer engagement, improve transparency and control, and foster loyalty. Implementing personalized billing solutions requires leveraging customer data, offering customizable plans, providing real-time usage monitoring, and integrating technology tools. By prioritizing the customer journey and continuously refining their billing strategies, MVNOs can differentiate themselves in a competitive market and build long-term customer relationships that drive business growth.

Empowering MVNOs with Cutting-Edge Billing Technology: Don't Miss Out!

In the ever-evolving world of Mobile Virtual Network Operators (MVNOs), success hinges on more than just connectivity; it's about leveraging innovative billing technology to elevate your operations, enhance customer satisfaction, and fuel growth. Unleash the potential of cutting-edge billing solutions and position your MVNO for a future of success.

The Evolution of Billing Technology

From Traditional to Cutting-Edge

Witness the transformation from manual, error-prone billing processes to the seamless efficiency of cutting-edge automation. Embrace a new era in billing technology that eliminates errors and maximizes operational efficiency.

The Role of Billing Technology in MVNOs

Discover how billing technology isn't merely a tool; it's a strategic enabler that shapes MVNO operations. Unlock new avenues of efficiency and explore pioneering billing solutions that elevate your business.

Key Features of Cutting-Edge Billing Technology

Automation for Efficiency

Embrace the power of automation to streamline billing tasks, from data entry to invoice creation. Experience reduced human error and increased efficiency that allows you to focus on strategic initiatives.

Real-Time Data Processing

Unlock the ability to make informed decisions in the moment with real-time data insights. Harness the agility of instantaneous data analysis to stay ahead in the competitive MVNO landscape.

Dynamic Pricing and Flexibility

Adapt to market fluctuations swiftly through dynamic pricing. Tailor your pricing models to optimize revenue while maintaining a competitive edge, all with the flexibility of cutting-edge billing technology.

Personalized Customer Experiences

Deliver unparalleled customer satisfaction by tailoring billing experiences to individual preferences. Strengthen customer loyalty through personalized interactions that resonate with subscribers.

The Impact on Customer Experience

Transparency and Trust

Forge deeper connections with subscribers by fostering transparency in billing practices. Build trust through clear communication and empower subscribers with the knowledge of their charges.

Self-Service Empowerment

Put control in the hands of your subscribers with self-service portals. Enable them to manage their accounts, view billing details, and make changes on their terms.

Leveraging Data Analytics for Growth

Utilizing Billing Data for Strategic Insights

Turn billing data into a strategic asset. Leverage actionable insights to shape your MVNO's growth strategies and fuel data-driven decision-making.

Predictive Analytics and Subscriber Behavior

Harness the power of predictive analytics to anticipate subscriber behavior. Drive engagement and elevate customer satisfaction by proactively meeting subscriber needs.

Security and Compliance in Billing Technology

Data Protection and Privacy

Prioritize data security and privacy to safeguard subscriber information. Ensure compliance with data protection regulations to build subscriber trust.

Building Trust Through Secure Billing Practices

Strengthen relationships with subscribers through secure billing practices. Establish a foundation of trust by safeguarding sensitive billing information.

Empowering MVNOs for the Future

Staying Ahead in a Dynamic Industry

Embrace the ever-changing MVNO landscape with confidence. Future-proof your MVNO through cutting-edge billing technology that empowers adaptation and innovation.

Partnering for Success

Forge strategic partnerships with billing technology providers aligned with your MVNO's vision. Collaborate to achieve operational excellence and unlock mutual growth.

Don't let the tide of innovation pass you by. By harnessing the potential of cutting-edge billing technology, you're not just keeping up—you're leading the charge toward a brighter future for your MVNO.

In a world where success is defined by innovation and efficiency, don't miss out on the opportunity to empower your MVNO with the transformative capabilities of cutting-edge billing technology.

Conclusion:

In a world driven by technological advancements, the potential of cutting-edge billing technology for MVNOs is undeniable. From streamlining operations to enhancing customer experiences, and from leveraging data insights to ensuring security and compliance, this technology offers a comprehensive solution for modern challenges.

Don't miss the chance to propel your MVNO into a future of success. Embrace the power of innovation, forge strategic partnerships, and stay ahead in a dynamic industry. By empowering your MVNO with cutting-edge billing technology, you're not only securing operational efficiency but also ensuring a competitive edge in a rapidly evolving landscape. Your MVNO's journey to success starts now—seize the opportunity and thrive.

How MVNOs are Staying Relevant in 2019 & Beyond

Becoming a virtual mobile network operator (MVNO) in the U.S. telecom and communications sector is a feat that not everyone can achieve successfully. Whether you are a big tech conglomerate or a famous entertainment giant, your current level of success might not be relevant in the competitive MVNO segment.Why?

Well, running a MVNO service is more than just leasing the required network infrastructure. It is more work than designing lucrative pricing packages. And it is more time consuming than holding flashy pitch meetings.

But there’s a key to appreciating the importance of these requirements. It lies within understanding how these factors played out against those who did not pay attention to them. From there, it is a matter of avoiding those mistakes to run your own successful MVNO platform.

With this in mind, let’s take a look at some of the most hyped MNVOs of the past, how they met their downfall, and how you can avoid a similar fate with your telecom venture.

First Things First: What is a MVNO?

If you made it to this post, then you might already know what is an MVNO is and how it works. But let’s do a quick refresher to jog your memory.

Simply put, a MVNO works through a virtual telecom network that relies on traditional network infrastructure to run its operations. For instance, in the U.S., a MVNO typically relies upon the physical infrastructure of companies such as AT&T, T-Mobile, Verizon, and Sprint. The MVNO rents out a part of the physical infrastructure’s resources at wholesale pricing and sells it at a retail price to its target audience.

In other words, a MVNO is simply a large-scale reseller. What sets it apart from its original network partners or other counterparts are the services that it offers.

Why Do MVNOs Attract So Many Investors?

Those who know about the ins and outs of MVNO companies would know how several entities in the past took MVNOs as a “get rich quick” scheme.

The program was simple. Just spend a large amount of capital, lease existing infrastructure, and market your services to your target audience.

But if only it were as straightforward as that.

Not getting a realistic picture of the requirements, companies such as ESPN, Amp’d, and Disney all went down the path to launch their MVNO service anyway. Much to the predictions of industry experts, they all ended up failing rather spectacularly.

The main reason behind their disappointing results and subsequent shutdown were a lack of planning, vision, and long-term sustainability in terms of infrastructure support.

Whenever a company is about to launch a MVNO platform – it is necessary to get all its affairs in order.

In simple terms, experts advise any investors only to enter the sector if they are doing so with a clear plan of long term operations. If they don’t have a sustainable and easy way to run their MVNO companies, then it is more or less a doomed operation.

With that, if they keep a few factors in mind, then they could very well turn their new venture into a long term business.

How Can MVNOs Succeed in Today’s Day and Age?

Apart from well-devised planning, targeted marketing, and super-smooth presentations, running a MVNO service requires you to put in the work with a holistic approach towards your operations.

There’s no denying that you need to be at the top of your game in terms of networking and communications. But at the same time, you also have to be extremely focused on your customers’ expectations.

Similarly, you have to strike the perfect balance between uptime and quality, coverage and delivery, as well as billing and marketing.

Companies that follow these guidelines have shown particularly successful metrics against their efforts. This is especially true in markets outside of the U.S., which is judged by how the current number of MVNOs surpasses the psychological figure of 1,000 different providers. To put matters in perspective, these MVNO companies collectively serve over 10 percent of mobile users all over the world.

How to Make Your Mark in a Market Such as the U.S.?

When it comes to the success of a MVNO platform, the U.S. market is a bit different. New players in the telecom sector not only have to offer lucrative prices, but they also have to provide more flexible data plans. They have to deliver exceptional clarity in voice services. At the same time, they also need to provide consistent uptime in data and billing services.

Here’s the kicker. They have to do all of that while having exceptional support over pricing and quality. While this sounds extremely difficult, it is not impossible at all. MVNOs such as Google Fi is proof of that.

At Telgoo5, we exhibit all the necessary tools to turn your budding MVNO service into a success story. With exceptional billing, infrastructure, and a holistic MVNO platform, we make the process of launching your MVNO companies as easy as the click of a few buttons.

Apart from exceptional onboarding, we also take pride in our easy to use MVNO service management solutions. Whether you want to optimize your services, increase your number of customers, or expand your outreach, we are there for you every step of the way. With dedicated account managers and 24 x 7 NOC support, we are just a call away from helping you with any pressing issue.

Whether you want to launch your MVNO platform, or need to optimize your current service, feel free to reach out to us today.

The Difference between an MNO and MVNO

MNO and MVNO are both mobile operators who provide communication services to their clients. The biggest distinction between the two is that MNO can operate independently while MVNO will need MNO so it can fully function. Both MNO and MVNO being mobile networks, they are able to provide services such as voice calls, billing services, and customer care services (among other services) to end-users. An MNO can be able to provide these services to end-users on its own, but since an MVNO cannot be able to use its own frequency, MVNO results to buying radio spectrum from Mobile network operators. Below are the features of both of these communication services.

Features of an MNO vs those of MVNO

1. MNO operates from its own radio spectrum and has a license from the government to operate through it. When it comes to the assets that the MNO requires in order to provide services to its end users the MNO owns them all.

When it comes to the MVNO assets; MVNO either owns some of these assets – it ends up getting a lease for some of the assets from the MNO. There is also the possibility of an MVNO owning none of the assets and it ends up leasing all of the assets from MNOs. When MVNO leases assets from an MNO it is either in bulk or at a wholesale price. The MVNO has the option of letting the MNO provide customer care and billing services for them or MVNO provide the services themselves.

2. MNO buys its Network equipment from willing sellers and uses them to set up their own cellular or mobile network.

MVNO on the other hand purchases bulk packages at wholesale prices; these packages include data and minutes. MVNO basically acts as a reseller. After buying the packages they are branded and the services now offered belong to the MVNO. The communication services are then offered to users by MVNOs.

3. MNO offers support and customer care services to subscribers. MNO can offer customer care services to MVNOs subscribers. However, MVNOs can also offer customer care support services of their own and offer their own subscribers the support that they need, this includes answering any questions that they are likely to have in regards to the services being offered by the MVNOs.

4. Before making the equipment available MNOS first tests them to see if they are working and if they are in good condition. MVNOs being resellers do need to test if any equipment is working since they buy bulk packages to sell to their own end users. The types of equipment that they use for their own network coverage are already tried and tested.

5. Since MNOs have to bear the cost of putting up their own towers and so they can ensure that their clients have access to network coverage they are likely to charge more compared to MVNOs.

MVNOs will give cheaper services to its end users since it does not have to bear with the cost of putting up any equipment. They lease the equipment of the MNOs at a certain cost and they are able to give their services to subscribers in the same way.

Advantages and disadvantages of both network providers

Advantages of MVNOs

• Since the MVNOs do not have to bear the cost that comes along with putting up towers, they can be able to offer cheaper services compared to those offered by the MNOs.

Disadvantages of MVNOs

• As a subscriber using MVNO you are likely to have a low reception if you are in a place that is crowded. This is because postpaid customers are likely to get priority from towers compared to clients using MVNOs or those using prepaid services.

Advantages of MNOs

• Since they have their own towers on the ground they have wide coverage and can offer high-speed connection.

Disadvantages of MNOs

• Due to the cost associated with the putting up of towers their services are likely to be more expensive.

There are people who see MNOs and MVNOs as competitors; however, they are not – they both need to work together. Both network providers with their differences, advantages, and disadvantages can only work together successfully if they maintain a strong partnership with one another.

Billing for MVNOs and MNOs

Both MVNOs and MNOs offer communication services to their subscribers even though MVNO have to buy bulk minutes and data from MNOs in order to cater to their users. MVNOs and MNOs perform similar functions such that most users do not know that MVNOs need to purchase bulk packages from MNOs in order to cater to them.  They perform functions such as;

• Issuing and activation of Sim cards

• Have branding and marketing

• Billing

• They set their own tariffs

• Offer customer care and support to subscribers

Due to the services offered by the two network providers to their subscribers, it is important for them to have a billing system. MVNOs rely on MNOs interconnect billing services.

Interconnect billing system for MVNOs

A majority of the MVNOs depend on the MNOs Interconnect billing system because they do not have their own. The interconnect billing system keeps track of income and spending as well as the demand in the price for airtime. Since the MNO will have a part in the operations of the MVNO, they can outsource an independent vendor. The vendor who will keep track of how data is being processed will help to ensure that both the MNOs and MVNOs get a fair share of their earnings.

When MVNOs receive incoming calls they charge the MNOs an amount of money that is less compared to the airtime charge. The fee charged can be termed as an interconnect termination fee. The termination fee of both the MNO and the MVNO is similar to the fee which the operator is charged.

In case of an outgoing call, the MNO will receive an imposed payment that is less than the airtime charge by the terminating operator.

MNOs

In the present day for any business to be able to maximize the profits that it is making day in and out, they need to have a billing system that will help in the charging of prepaid services. More and more people are purchasing smartphones and using them for data. Previously, a lot of mobile users would spend a big amount of their funds on voice calls as well as messages; however, there has been a change. In the era whereby everyone is on their laptops, tablets, smartphones as well as other internet devices, data is likely to be what most users are highly spending on.

That is why network operators put up good billing systems that help them in keeping track of their earnings and as well keep a record of their client’s information. Cloud-based systems and the Internet of things help when it comes to billing operations.

MVNOs

MVNOs have been in operation for several decades now and even though there have been speculations that they would be run out of the market they are still growing. In certain countries, MVNOs are dominant. MVNOs still depend on MVNEs to act as intermediaries. Those who can be able to predict the future based on their own careful analysis speculate that MVNOs are moving towards a huge digital transformation whereby they will be able to have control over their own data by owning it and being able to manage their own billing systems.

MVNOs can either choose to;

• Buy bulk services at wholesale prices from MNOs, brand them, and then resell them to their subscribers.

• Brand their services and make them available for users to purchase with MVNEs helping them to provide the services to end-users at a fixed commission.

• Sell their products and services and pay the MVNE based on the profits they get from their end-users.

Regardless of the options that MVNOs choose they will still be expected to pay a deposit to MVNE followed by monthly payments.

Since both of these network operators offer a variety of services, billing is not an option but a requirement. MNOs can be able to carry out their own billing hence they can be able to keep track of the progress that their business makes. MVNOs, on the other hand, will require MVNEs to act as intermediaries between them and the end-users. MVNOs should be able to choose which option will work best for them when it comes to their billing requirements.